Other versions: 1.0
(For Dao 1.1)
This document is licensed under GNU Free Documentation License .
This documentation introduces the standard libraries for a number of applications and the standard methods for various data types. In the method parameter lists, par : Xyz means parameter par should be of the type of Xyz ; par = Xyz means that par has default value Xyz . There are also a number of overloaded methods, which have the same name, but with different parameter lists. Some methods of one library can be imported to the current namespace by using "use library;" statement so that the methods can be used directly, e.g.,
In the following, the prototypes of methods usually appear as for clarity:
There are a few other methods that use regular expression pattern for string operation, please refer to the Dao Regex Tutorial .
If keep is zero, place holders with names not found in keys will be replaced by empty string, namely, removing the place holders; otherwise the are kept.
If keep is zero, place holders with names not found in keys will be replaced by empty string, namely, removing the place holders; otherwise the are kept.
The sort() method that can take an expression as parameter is now supported as a built-in method, please read here .
Here @ITEM indicates the item parameter will have the same type as the list, so append( item : @ITEM ) will only allow appending an item of the same type as the type of items of the list.
The apply() method that can take an expression as parameter is now supported as a built-in method, please read here . The noapply() method is removed.
The cdata (previously named as buffer ) data type represents a block of memory.
These math functions except srand() and pow() , they are also supported as builtin functions since Dao 1.1.
Create coroutine with wrong parameters will raise an exception.
Resuming a coroutine that has reach its end will raise an exception.
The multi-threading library in Dao is provided by the library object "mtlib".
File description set can be created by: fd_set()
Dao Library Reference
Limin Fu (phoolimin
gmail
com)
(For Dao 1.1)
This document is licensed under GNU Free Documentation License .
1 introduction | Top |
This documentation introduces the standard libraries for a number of applications and the standard methods for various data types. In the method parameter lists, par : Xyz means parameter par should be of the type of Xyz ; par = Xyz means that par has default value Xyz . There are also a number of overloaded methods, which have the same name, but with different parameter lists. Some methods of one library can be imported to the current namespace by using "use library;" statement so that the methods can be used directly, e.g.,
use math
a = cos( 1.5 );
a = cos( 1.5 );
In the following, the prototypes of methods usually appear as for clarity:
type.method( parameter_list )
but the real prototypes are defined the following form:
method( self : type, parameter_list )
2 string | Top |
2.1 Method list: | Top |
chop( )
erase( start=0, n=-1 )
find( str : string, from=0, reverse=0 ) => int
insert( str : string, index=0 )
replace( str1 : string, str2 : string, index=0 )
replace( str1 : string, table : map<string,string>, max=0 )
expand( keys :map<string,string>, spec='$', keep=1 )
expand( keys : tuple, spec='$', keep=1 )
resize( size : int )
size( ) => int
split( sep : string, quote="", rm=1 ) => list<string>
tokenize( seps : string, quotes="", backslash=0, simplify=0 ) => list<string>
tonumber( base=10 ) => double
tolower( ) => string
toupper( ) => string
encrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
decrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
erase( start=0, n=-1 )
find( str : string, from=0, reverse=0 ) => int
insert( str : string, index=0 )
replace( str1 : string, str2 : string, index=0 )
replace( str1 : string, table : map<string,string>, max=0 )
expand( keys :map<string,string>, spec='$', keep=1 )
expand( keys : tuple, spec='$', keep=1 )
resize( size : int )
size( ) => int
split( sep : string, quote="", rm=1 ) => list<string>
tokenize( seps : string, quotes="", backslash=0, simplify=0 ) => list<string>
tonumber( base=10 ) => double
tolower( ) => string
toupper( ) => string
encrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
decrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
There are a few other methods that use regular expression pattern for string operation, please refer to the Dao Regex Tutorial .
2.2 Method details: | Top |
string.chop( utf=0 )
Chop off new line symbol from the end of a string.
If utf=1, chop off the characters that do not form a valid UTF-8 encoding.
string.erase( start=0, n=-1 )
Erase n characters starting from index start .
If n=-1, erase all the rest.
string.find( str : string, from=0, reverse=0 ) => int
Find substring str , starting from from ; search backward if reverse is true.
Return the index of the occurrence of str , return -1 if not found.
string.insert( str : string, index=0 )
Insert substring str at index
string.replace( str1 : string, str2 : string, index=0 )
Replace the index -th occurrence of substring str1 to substring str2 ;
the index starts from 1, which means the first, and 0 means all.
string.replace( table : map<string,string>, max=0 )
Replace the occurrence of the keys of table by the corresponding values.
If max is zero, replace the shorter key first, otherwise,
replace the longer first.
string.expand( keys : map<string,string>, spec='$', keep=1 ) => string
If the string contains place holders in form of $(name) ,
where $ is the special character passed in by spec ,
this method will expand or fill at each place holder by the value string
from keys with key equal to the name of the place holder.If keep is zero, place holders with names not found in keys will be replaced by empty string, namely, removing the place holders; otherwise the are kept.
tpl = 'The quick brown $(A) jumps over the lazy $(B)';
str = tpl.expand( { 'A' => 'fox', 'B' => 'dog' } );
stdio.println( str );
str = tpl.expand( { 'A' => 'fox', 'B' => 'dog' } );
stdio.println( str );
string.expand( keys : tuple, spec='$', keep=1 ) => string
If the string contains place holders in form of $(name) ,
where $ is the special character passed in by spec ,
this method will expand or fill at each place holder by the item value string
from keys with item field name equal to the name of the place holder.If keep is zero, place holders with names not found in keys will be replaced by empty string, namely, removing the place holders; otherwise the are kept.
tpl = 'The quick brown $(A) jumps over the lazy $(B)';
str = tpl.expand( ( A => 'fox', B => 'dog' ) );
stdio.println( str );
str = tpl.expand( ( A => 'fox', B => 'dog' ) );
stdio.println( str );
string.resize( size : int )
Resize the string to have length , and the extended part are filled with blank space.
string.size( ) => int
Return the length of a string.
string.split( sep : string, quote="", rm=1 ) => list<string>
Split the string by seperator sep , and return the tokens as a list.
Quotation symbols may also be specified to avoid breaking the string inside
a pair of quotes. If the quotations symbols appear in the
begin and end of a token and rm is true, they are removed.
The seperators are not included in the result list.
string.tokenize( seps : string, quotes="", backslash=0 ) => list<string>
Tokenize the string by a set of separators.
Each character in seps is treated as a separator.
Quotation symbols may also be specified to avoid breaking the string inside a pair of quotes.
If backslash is true, the separators and quotes preceded by a backslash are considered as normal characters.
The separators, quotes and backslashes are not removed from the result tokens.
If simplify is true, the blank spaces are removed from the beginning and end of
each token, and then empty tokens are remove from the resulting list.
string.tonumber( base=10 ) => double
Convert the string to a number with base equal to base .
string.tolower( ) => string
Convert the string to lower case.
Return self string.
string.toupper( ) => string
Convert the string to upper case.
Return self string.
string.encrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
Encrypt the string with key using XXTEA algorithm.
If hex is true, store the encrypted string as hex digits.
Return self string.
string.decrypt( key : string, hex=0 ) => string
Decrypt the string with key using XXTEA algorithm.
If hex is true, the self string is interpreted as hex digits.
Return self string.3 complex | Top |
3.1 Method list: | Top |
imag( v=0.00 ) => double
real( v=0.00 ) => double
real( v=0.00 ) => double
3.2 Method details: | Top |
complex.imag( v=0.00 ) => double
If it is called with parameters, set the imaginary part of the complex.
No matter if it is called with or without parameters,
return the imaginary part before modification.
complex.real( v=0.00 ) => double
If it is called with parameters, set the real part of the complex.
No matter if it is called with or without parameters,
return the real part before modification.4 list | Top |
4.1 Method list: | Top |
append( item : @ITEM )
clear( )
dequeue( )
enqueue( item : @ITEM )
erase( start=0, n=1 )
front( ) => @ITEM
insert( item : @ITEM, pos=0 )
max( ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
min( ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
pop( )
popback( )
popfront( )
push( item : @ITEM )
pushback( item : @ITEM )
pushfront( item : @ITEM )
resize( size : int )
size( ) => int
ranka( k=0 ) => list<int>
rankd( k=0 ) => list<int>
sorta( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
sortd( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
sum( ) => @ITEM
top( ) => @ITEM
clear( )
dequeue( )
enqueue( item : @ITEM )
erase( start=0, n=1 )
front( ) => @ITEM
insert( item : @ITEM, pos=0 )
max( ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
min( ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
pop( )
popback( )
popfront( )
push( item : @ITEM )
pushback( item : @ITEM )
pushfront( item : @ITEM )
resize( size : int )
size( ) => int
ranka( k=0 ) => list<int>
rankd( k=0 ) => list<int>
sorta( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
sortd( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
sum( ) => @ITEM
top( ) => @ITEM
The sort() method that can take an expression as parameter is now supported as a built-in method, please read here .
4.2 Method details: | Top |
list<@ITEM>.append( item : @ITEM )
Append item to the list.Here @ITEM indicates the item parameter will have the same type as the list, so append( item : @ITEM ) will only allow appending an item of the same type as the type of items of the list.
list<@ITEM>.clear()
Remove all items from the list.
list<@ITEM>.dequeue()
Use the list as a queue, get the first item in the queue.
list<@ITEM>.enqueue( item : @ITEM )
Use the list as a queue, push item in the end of the queue.
list<@ITEM>.erase( start=0, n=1 )
Erase n items from the list starting from index start .
list<@ITEM>.front() => @ITEM
Get the first item in the front.
list<@ITEM>.insert( item : @ITEM, pos=0 )
Insert item at position pos .
list<@ITEM>.max( ) => <@ITEM,int>
Return the max item and its index in the list.
list<@ITEM>.min( ) => <@ITEM,int>
Return the min item and its index in the list.
list<@ITEM>.pop( )
Pop out one item from the end of the list.
list<@ITEM>.popback( )
Pop out one item from the end of the list.
list<@ITEM>.popfront( )
Pop out one item from the begin of the list.
list<@ITEM>.push( item : @ITEM )
Push item to the end of the list.
list<@ITEM>.pushback( item : @ITEM )
Push item to the end of the list.
list<@ITEM>.pushfront( item : @ITEM )
Push item to the begin of the list.
list<@ITEM>.ranka( k=0 ) => list<int>
list<@ITEM>.rankd( k=0 ) => list<int>
Ascending or descending ranking of the list.
If k is not zero, rank the smallest or largest k items.list<@ITEM>.rankd( k=0 ) => list<int>
list<@ITEM>.resize( size : int )
Resize the list to have size size . Extended part is filled with nil.
list<@ITEM>.size( ) => int
Return the size of the list.
list<@ITEM>.sorta( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
list<@ITEM>.sortd( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
Ascending or descending sorting of the list.
If k is not zero, sort the smallest or largest k items.list<@ITEM>.sortd( k=0 ) => list<@ITEM>
list<@ITEM>.sum( ) => @ITEM
Return the sum of the list. Only for lists contain numbers, strings or complex numbers.
list<@ITEM>.top( ) => @ITEM
Get the last item in the list.5 map | Top |
5.1 Method list: | Top |
clear( )
erase( from : @KEY=nil, to : @KEY=nil )
find( key : @KEY, type=0 ) => tuple<int,@KEY,@VALUE>
insert( key : @KEY, value : @VALUE )
keys() => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
size( ) => int
values() => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
erase( from : @KEY=nil, to : @KEY=nil )
find( key : @KEY, type=0 ) => tuple<int,@KEY,@VALUE>
insert( key : @KEY, value : @VALUE )
keys() => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
size( ) => int
values() => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
5.2 Method details: | Top |
map<@KEY,@VALUE>.clear( )
Erase all the element pairs from the map.
map<@KEY,@VALUE>.erase( from : @KEY=nil, to : @KEY=nil )
Erase key-value pairs between key from and key to (inclusive).
If the second parameter is omited, erase the element with key equal to from .
If both parameters are omited, it will erase all elements.
map<@KEY,@VALUE>.find( key : @KEY, type=0 ) => tuple<int,@KEY,@VALUE>
If type=0 , find the key equal to key ;
If type<0 , find the maximum key lesser than or equal to key ;
If type>0 , find the minimum key greater than or equal to key ;
return a tuple of an integer, the key and value of the found element,
the integer is 1 if found; 0, otherwise.
map<@KEY,@VALUE>.insert( key : @KEY, value : @VALUE )
Insert a pair of element.
keys() => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
Return all keys, or keys starting from from ,
or keys between from and to .keys( from : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
keys( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@KEY>
map<@KEY,@VALUE>.size( ) => int
Return the number of elements in the map.
values() => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
Return all values, or values with keys starting from from ,
or with keys between from and to .values( from : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
values( from : @KEY, to : @KEY ) => list<@VALUE>
6 numeric array | Top |
6.1 Method list: | Top |
dim( ) => array<int>
dim( i : int ) => int
index( i : int ) => array<int>
size( ) => int
resize( dims : array<int> )
reshape( dims : array<int> )
sorta( k=0 )
sortd( k=0 )
ranka( k=0 ) => array<int>
rankd( k=0 ) => array<int>
max( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
min( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
sum( slice={} ) => @ITEM
varn( slice={} ) => double
fft( inv=-1 )
dim( i : int ) => int
index( i : int ) => array<int>
size( ) => int
resize( dims : array<int> )
reshape( dims : array<int> )
sorta( k=0 )
sortd( k=0 )
ranka( k=0 ) => array<int>
rankd( k=0 ) => array<int>
max( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
min( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
sum( slice={} ) => @ITEM
varn( slice={} ) => double
fft( inv=-1 )
The apply() method that can take an expression as parameter is now supported as a built-in method, please read here . The noapply() method is removed.
6.2 Method details: | Top |
dim( ) => array<int>
dim( self : array<@ITEM> ) => array<int>
Return the sizes of each dimension as a vector.
dim( self : array<@ITEM> ) => array<int>
array<@ITEM>.dim( i : int ) => int
Return the size of the i-th dimension of the array.
array<@ITEM>.index( i : int ) => array<int>
Convert a flat index of the array to the corresponding multi-dimsional index.
array<@ITEM>.size( ) => int
return the number of elements in the array.
array<@ITEM>.resize( dims : array<int> )
Resize the array to dimension as specified by dims .
array<@ITEM>.reshape( dims : array<int> )
Reshape the array to dimension as specified by dims .
array<@ITEM>.ranka( k=0 ) => array<int>
array<@ITEM>.rankd( k=0 ) => array<int>
Ascending or descending ranking of the array.
If k is not zero, rank the smallest or largest k items.array<@ITEM>.rankd( k=0 ) => array<int>
array<@ITEM>.sorta( k=0 )
array<@ITEM>.sortd( k=0 )
Ascending or descending sorting of the array.
If k is not zero, sort the smallest or largest k items.array<@ITEM>.sortd( k=0 )
array<@ITEM>.max( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
Return the max value and its flat index of the elements specified by slice as sub-array.
If slice is empty or omitted, return the max value of the array.
mat = [ 1.5, 2.5, 3, 4; 5, 6, 7, 8; 9, 0, 1, 2 ];
stdio.println( mat.max( { 1:, 1:2 } ) );
This example prints the maximum value and its index of the elements in a sub-matrix
formed by rows starting from the second row, and the second and third columns.stdio.println( mat.max( { 1:, 1:2 } ) );
array<@ITEM>.min( slice={} ) => tuple<@ITEM,int>
Return the min value and its flat index of the elements specified by slice .
If slice is empty or omitted, return the min value of the array.
array<@ITEM>.sum( slice={} ) => @ITEM
Return the sum value of the elements specified by slice . If slice is empty
or omitted, return the sum value of the array.
array<@ITEM>.varn( slice={} ) => double
Return the sample variance of the elements specified by slice . If slice is empty
or omitted, return the sample variance of the array.
array<complex>.fft( inv=-1 )
Fast Fourior Transform.7 cdata | Top |
The cdata (previously named as buffer ) data type represents a block of memory.
7.1 Method list: | Top |
cdata( size : int ) => cdata
copydata( buf : buffer )
getbyte( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getdouble( index : int ) => double
getfloat( index : int ) => float
getint( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getshort( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getstring( mbs=1 ) => string
resize( size : int )
setbyte( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setdouble( index : int, value : double )
setfloat( index : int, value : float )
setint( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setshort( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setstring( string : string )
size( ) => int
copydata( buf : buffer )
getbyte( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getdouble( index : int ) => double
getfloat( index : int ) => float
getint( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getshort( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
getstring( mbs=1 ) => string
resize( size : int )
setbyte( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setdouble( index : int, value : double )
setfloat( index : int, value : float )
setint( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setshort( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
setstring( string : string )
size( ) => int
7.2 Method details: | Top |
buffer( size = 0 ) => buffer
Create a buffer of size bytes.
buffer.copydata( buf :buffer )
Copy data from buffer buf .
buffer.getbyte( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
Get one byte with specified index ;
if signed=1 , the byte is interpreted as signed.
buffer.getdouble( index : int ) => double
Get double floating number with specified index .
buffer.getfloat( index : int ) => float
Get single floating number with specified index .
buffer.getint( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
Get integer with specified index .
if signed=1 , the integer is interpreted as signed.
buffer.getshort( index : int, signed=1 ) => int
Get short integer with specified index .
if signed=1 , the short integer is interpreted as signed.
buffer.getstring( mbs=1 ) => string
Interprete the buffer as a string; Return MBS string if mbs=1 , otherwise return WCS.
buffer.resize( size : int )
Resize the buffer to size bytes;
buffer.setbyte( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
Set one byte specified index with value ;
if signed=1 , the byte is interpreted as signed.
buffer.setdouble( index : int, value : double, )
Set one double specified index with value ;
buffer.setfloat( index : int, value : float )
Set one float specified index with value ;
buffer.setint( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
Set one integer specified index with value ;
if signed=1 , the integer is interpreted as signed.
buffer.setshort( index : int, value : int, signed=1 )
Set one short integer specified index with value ;
if signed=1 , the short integer is interpreted as signed.
buffer.setstring( string : string )
buffer.size( ) => int
Return the size of the buffer in bytes.8 std (was stdlib) | Top |
8.1 Method list: | Top |
stdlib.about( ... ) => string
stdlib.callable( object ) => int
stdlib.compile( source : string )
stdlib.copy( object : @OBJECT ) => @OBJECT
stdlib.ctimef( time=0, format='%Y-%M-%D, %H:%I:%S', namemap : map<string,list<string>> ={=>} ) => string
stdlib.ctime( time=0 ) => tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int>
stdlib.debug( ... )
stdlib.error( info : string )
stdlib.eval( source : string, stream=stdio)
stdlib.exit( code=0 )
stdlib.gcmax( limit=0 ) => int
stdlib.gcmin( limit=0 ) => int
stdlib.listmeth( object )
stdlib.enable_fe( flags : int ) => int
stdlib.disable_fe( flags : int ) => int
stdlib.load( file : string )
stdlib.pack( number : int ) => string
stdlib.pack( list :list<int> ) => string
stdlib.sleep( seconds : float )
stdlib.system( command : string )
stdlib.time( ) => int
stdlib.time( tm : tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int> ) => int
stdlib.tokenize( source : string ) => list<string>
stdlib.unpack( string : string ) => list<int>
stdlib.warn( info : string )
stdlib.callable( object ) => int
stdlib.compile( source : string )
stdlib.copy( object : @OBJECT ) => @OBJECT
stdlib.ctimef( time=0, format='%Y-%M-%D, %H:%I:%S', namemap : map<string,list<string>> ={=>} ) => string
stdlib.ctime( time=0 ) => tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int>
stdlib.debug( ... )
stdlib.error( info : string )
stdlib.eval( source : string, stream=stdio)
stdlib.exit( code=0 )
stdlib.gcmax( limit=0 ) => int
stdlib.gcmin( limit=0 ) => int
stdlib.listmeth( object )
stdlib.enable_fe( flags : int ) => int
stdlib.disable_fe( flags : int ) => int
stdlib.load( file : string )
stdlib.pack( number : int ) => string
stdlib.pack( list :list<int> ) => string
stdlib.sleep( seconds : float )
stdlib.system( command : string )
stdlib.time( ) => int
stdlib.time( tm : tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int> ) => int
stdlib.tokenize( source : string ) => list<string>
stdlib.unpack( string : string ) => list<int>
stdlib.warn( info : string )
8.2 Method details: | Top |
about( ... ) => string
Return the type name and address of the parameters.
callable( object ) => int
Tell if the object is callable.
compile( source : string )
Compile the source code and return a routine object.
copy( object : @OBJECT ) => @OBJECT
Return a deep copy of the object.
(TODO: the implementation might be incomplete.)
ctime( time=0 ) => tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int>
Convert time returned from stdlib.time() into calendar time as a tuple.
ctimef( time=0, format='%Y-%M-%D, %H:%I:%S', namemap : map<string,list<string>> ={=>} ) => string
Convert time returned from stdlib.time() into calendar time with
specified format ; the names for year, month and date etc. can be specified
in namemap
debug( ... )
If called with parameters, return the type name and address of the parameters.
If called without parameters, the debugging console will be prompted up.
It only has effects in debugging running mode.
error( info : string )
Print info as error information and abort current virtual machine process.
eval( source : string, stream=stdio)
Evaluate the source, and use stream as the standard IO device.
exit( code=0 )
Exit with code .
gcmax( limit=0 ) => int
Return the current maximum GC threshold.
If there is the parameter, the threshold is changed to limit .
The maximum GC threshold is the upper bound of number of candidate garbage objects,
if this limit is exceeded, all the mutator threads are blocked until their are waked up
by the garbage collector after finishing to precess a certain part of the garbages.
Normally, the garbage collection thread runs concurrently with the mutator threads,
or is blocked if there are too few garbage.
gcmin( limit=0 ) => int
Return the current minimum GC threshold.
If there is the parameter, the threshold is changed to limit .
The minimum GC threshold is the lower bound of number of candidate garbage objects
for the garbage collector to wake up and start garbage collecting.
listmeth( object )
List the available methods for the object.
load( file : string )
Load and execute scripts from a file.
pack( number : int ) => string
Convert the number into a character.
pack( list :list<int> ) => string
Convert the list of numbers into a string.
sleep( seconds : float )
Let the current thread to sleep for seconds (may lesser than 1) seconds.
system( command : string )
Run a system command.
time( ) => int
Return current time.
time( tm : tuple<year:int,month:int,day:int,wday:int,hour:int,minute:int,second:int> ) => int
Convert calendar time to time in seconds (as returned by time()).
tokenize( source : string ) => list<string>
Tokenize Dao source code.
unpack( string : string ) => list<int>
Unpack string into a list of number.
warn( info : string )
Print a warning, with file name and line number information.9 stream and io (was stdio) library | Top |
9.1 Method list: | Top |
close( )
eof( )
flush( )
getstring( )
isopen( )
name( )
open( )
open( file : string, mode : string )
popen( cmd : string, mode : string )
write( ... )
writeln( ... )
writef( format : string, ... )
print( ... )
println( ... )
printf( format : string, ... )
read( count=0 )=>string
read( file : string )=>string
seek( pos : int, from : int )
sstream( mbs=1 )
tell( )
eof( )
flush( )
getstring( )
isopen( )
name( )
open( )
open( file : string, mode : string )
popen( cmd : string, mode : string )
write( ... )
writeln( ... )
writef( format : string, ... )
print( ... )
println( ... )
printf( format : string, ... )
read( count=0 )=>string
read( file : string )=>string
seek( pos : int, from : int )
sstream( mbs=1 )
tell( )
9.2 Method details: | Top |
close( )
Close a file stream.
eof( )
Check if the end of the stream is reached.
flush( )
Flush the stream to cause all buffered output to be written to the device.
getstring( )
Get output string from a string stream.
isopen( )
Check if a file stream is open.
name( )
Get the file name of a file stream
open( )
Open a temporary file stream.
open( file : string, mode : string )
Open a file stream on file with mode mode .
The supported mode is exactly the same as what is supported in standard C function fopen() .
popen( cmd : string, mode : string )
Open a pipe in mode mode to execute command cmd .
write( ... )
print( ... )
Print to the stream.print( ... )
writeln( ... )
println( ... )
Print to the stream with a line break symbol.println( ... )
writef( format : string, ... )
printf( format : string, ... )
Formated printing, format can be specified in the same way as in C.printf( format : string, ... )
read( count=0 )=>string
read( file : string )=>string
If count is positive, read count number of bytes from the stream;
if count is negative, read all bytes from the stream;
otherwise, read one line from the stream including the line break symbol.read( file : string )=>string
read( file : string )=>string
Read the whole file from file .
seek( pos : int, from : int )
Seek stream position with offset pos from from ;
from can be "stdio.SEEK_CUR", "stdio.SEEK_SET" or "stdio.SEEK_END";
sstream( mbs=1 )
Create a string stream; the internal string buffer can be MBS or WCS depends on parameter mbs .
tell( )
Tell the current stream position.10 math | Top |
These math functions except srand() and pow() , they are also supported as builtin functions since Dao 1.1.
10.1 Method list: | Top |
math.abs( p : double )
math.abs( p : complex )
math.acos( p : double )
math.arg( p : complex )
math.asin( p : double )
math.atan( p : double )
math.ceil( p : double )
math.ceil( p : complex )
math.cos( p : double )
math.cos( p : complex )
math.cosh( p : double )
math.cosh( p : complex )
math.exp( p : double )
math.exp( p : complex )
math.floor( p : double )
math.floor( p : complex )
math.imag( p : complex )
math.log( p : double )
math.log( p : complex )
math.norm( p : complex )
math.pow( p1 : double, p2 : double )
math.pow( p1 : double, p2 : complex )
math.pow( p1 : complex, p2 : double )
math.pow( p1 : complex, p2 : complex )
math.real( p : complex )
math.sin( p : double )
math.sin( p : complex )
math.sinh( p : double )
math.sinh( p : complex )
math.sqrt( p : double )
math.sqrt( p : complex )
math.srand( p : double )
math.rand( p : double )
math.tan( p : double )
math.tan( p : complex )
math.tanh( p : double )
math.tanh( p : complex )
11 reflection | Top |
11.1 Method list: | Top |
namespace( object=nil ) => any
name( object ) => string
type( object ) => any
base( object ) => list<any>
doc( object, newdoc='' ) => string
constant( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
variable( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
constant( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
variable( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
class( object ) => any
routine() => any
routine( rout : any ) => list<any>
param( rout )=>list<tuple<name:string,type:any,deft:int,value:any> >
isa( object, name : string ) => int
isa( object, type : any ) => int
self( object ) => any
argc() => int
argv() => list<any>
argv( i : int ) => any
name( object ) => string
type( object ) => any
base( object ) => list<any>
doc( object, newdoc='' ) => string
constant( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
variable( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
constant( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
variable( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
class( object ) => any
routine() => any
routine( rout : any ) => list<any>
param( rout )=>list<tuple<name:string,type:any,deft:int,value:any> >
isa( object, name : string ) => int
isa( object, type : any ) => int
self( object ) => any
argc() => int
argv() => list<any>
argv( i : int ) => any
11.2 Method details: | Top |
namespace( object=nil ) => any
If object is a routine or class, return the namespace where it is defined;
otherwise, return the current namespace.
name( object ) => string
Get the name of a routine, function, method or class.
type( object ) => any
return the type of the object.
base( object ) => list<any>
If object is a class, return its direct parent classes;
If object is a class instance, return its direct parent instances;
doc( object, newdoc='' ) => string
return the documentation string of a routine or class;
if "newdoc" is passed, set the documentation string to "newdoc";
constant( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
Return the constant fields of object, if "restrict" is not zero and
there are private or protected fields in "object", only return the public ones.
The return value is a map, mapping from field name and field value and type.
variable( object, restrict=0 )=>map<string,tuple<value:any,type:any> >
Return the variable fields of object, if "restrict" is not zero and
there are private or protected fields in "object", only return the public ones.
The return value is a map, mapping from field name and field value and type.
constant( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
Return a tuple of value and type for constant field "name" in object.
If "value" is passed in, set the field value to "value".
All field can be accessed and modified by this function.
variable( object, name:string, value=nil )=>tuple<value:any,type:any>
Return a tuple of value and type for variable field "name" in object.
If "value" is passed in, set the field value to "value".
All field can be accessed and modified by this function.
class( object ) => any
If object is a routine, return its host class which defines this routine as a method;
If object is a class instance, return its class prototype.
routine() => any
return the current routine that is running.
routine( rout : any ) => list<any>
return the list of overloaded routines with the same name as routine "rout".
param( rout )=>list<tuple<name:string,type:any,deft:int,value:any> >
return the parameter list of "rout".
The returned list contains tuples composed of parameter name, type, and default value.
The "value" field is set to nil, if the parameter has no default value.
The "deft" field of the tuples indicates whether the "value" is a default value or not,
in case that a nil value is set as default.
isa( object, name : string ) => int
Check if object is of type indicated by name .
Normally name should be a valid type name such as
int , float , list<int> or a class name etc.
It can also be one of the name listed in the following table,
to check if object is in a category of certain types. For example,
when "class" is passed as name , isa() will return true,
if object is a class.
| name | type |
|---|---|
| class | a class |
| object | a class instance |
| routine | a Dao routine |
| function | a C function |
| namespace | a namespace |
| tuple | a tuple |
| list | a list |
| map | a map |
| array | an array |
isa( object, type : any ) => int
Check if object is of type type , which is a type object
that can be returned by reflect.type() .
argc() => int
Return the argument count of the current function call.
argv() => list<any>
Return the argument values as a list of the current function call.
argv( i : int ) => any
Return the i-th argument value of the current function call.
self( object )
Return the mapping-down class instance of the class instance object
trace( )
Print the trace of calling stack.12 coroutine | Top |
12.1 Method list: | Top |
coroutine.create( object, ... )
coroutine.resume( object, ... )
coroutine.status( object )
coroutine.yield( ... )
coroutine.resume( object, ... )
coroutine.status( object )
coroutine.yield( ... )
12.2 Method details: | Top |
create( object, ... )
Create a coroutine object which is actually a virtual machine process with its own calling stack
of contexts. object must be a routine or context (function closure);
The addition parameters will be passed to the created coroutine object
in the same way as normal function call.
The coroutine object is created in suspending status, and should be executed by calling
coroutine.resume() .Create coroutine with wrong parameters will raise an exception.
resume( object, ... )
Resume the coroutine object.
The additional parameters to resume() will become results from yield() .Resuming a coroutine that has reach its end will raise an exception.
status( object )
Return the status of the coroutine object as a string, which can be one of
| suspended | running | aborted | finished | not_a_coroutine |
yield( ... )
Yield current coroutine execution. Any parameters in yield will become the result from
resume() .13 multi-threading library | Top |
The multi-threading library in Dao is provided by the library object "mtlib".
13.1 Method list: | Top |
mtlib.thread( object, ... ) => thread
mtlib.mutex( ) => mutex
mtlib.condition( ) => condition
mtlib.semaphore( ) => semaphore
mtlib.exit( )
mtlib.mydata( ) => map<string,any>
mtlib.self( ) => thread
mtlib.testcancel( )
mtlib.mutex( ) => mutex
mtlib.condition( ) => condition
mtlib.semaphore( ) => semaphore
mtlib.exit( )
mtlib.mydata( ) => map<string,any>
mtlib.self( ) => thread
mtlib.testcancel( )
13.2 Method details: | Top |
condition( ) => condition
Create a condition variable.
thread( object, ... )
Create a thread object. object must be a Dao routine or context, which will receive
parameters from the additional part of the parameters for thread.create() .
exit( )
Exit current thread.
mutex( ) => mutex
Create a mutex.
mydata( ) => map<string,any>
Get thread specific data as a map.
self( ) => thread
semaphore( ) => semaphore
Create a semaphore object.
testcancel( )
Create a cancel point. If cancel() is called before this point, calling this function
will terminate the current thread.14 thread object | Top |
14.1 Method list: | Top |
cancel( )
detach( )
join( )
mydata( ) => map<string,any>
detach( )
join( )
mydata( ) => map<string,any>
14.2 Method details: | Top |
cancel( )
Cancel the execution of the thread object.
detach( )
Detach the execution of the thread object.
join( )
Join the execution of the thread object with the current thread.
mydata( ) => map<string,any>
Get thread specific data as a map.15 mutex | Top |
15.1 Method list: | Top |
lock( )
trylock( )
unlock( )
trylock( )
unlock( )
15.2 Method details: | Top |
lock( )
Lock the mutext.
trylock( )
Try to locke the mutex. Return true if successful, otherwise, false.
unlock( )
Unlock the mutex.16 condition variable | Top |
16.1 Method list: | Top |
broadcast( )
signal( )
timedwait( mtx : mutex, seconds : float )
wait( mtx : mutex )
signal( )
timedwait( mtx : mutex, seconds : float )
wait( mtx : mutex )
broadcast( )
Wake all threads blocked on the condition variable.
signal( )
Wake one thread(randomly) blocked on the condition variable.
timedwait( mtx : mutex, seconds : float )
Block the current thread on the condition variable with timeout, which can be a decimal number.
wait( mtx : mutex )
Block the current thread on the condition variable.17 semaphore | Top |
17.1 Method list: | Top |
getvalue( )
post( )
setvalue( n : int )
wait( )
post( )
setvalue( n : int )
wait( )
17.2 Method details: | Top |
getvalue( )
Get the available resource count of the semaphore.
post( )
Release one resource of the semaphore.
setvalue( n : int )
Set the total number of resource of the semaphore.
wait( )
Require one resource of the semaphore. The current thread will be blocked if the resource is
not available.18 network | Top |
18.1 Method list: | Top |
network.FD_CLR( fd : int, set :fd_set )
network.FD_ISSET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
network.FD_SET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
network.FD_ZERO( set :fd_set )
network.accept( socket : int )
network.bind( port : int )
network.close( socket : int )
network.connect( host : string, port : int )
network.gethost( host : string )
network.getpeername( socket : int )
network.listen( socket : int, backlog =10 )
network.receive( socket : int, maxlen =1000 )
network.receive_dao( socket : int )
network.select( nfd : int, setr :fd_set, setr :fd_set, setr :fd_set, tv : float )
network.send( socket : int, data : string )
network.send_dao( socket : int, ... )
network.FD_ISSET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
network.FD_SET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
network.FD_ZERO( set :fd_set )
network.accept( socket : int )
network.bind( port : int )
network.close( socket : int )
network.connect( host : string, port : int )
network.gethost( host : string )
network.getpeername( socket : int )
network.listen( socket : int, backlog =10 )
network.receive( socket : int, maxlen =1000 )
network.receive_dao( socket : int )
network.select( nfd : int, setr :fd_set, setr :fd_set, setr :fd_set, tv : float )
network.send( socket : int, data : string )
network.send_dao( socket : int, ... )
18.2 Network File Description Set Handling | Top |
FD_CLR( fd : int, set :fd_set )
Remove fd from set .
FD_ISSET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
Check if fd is in set .
FD_SET( fd : int, set :fd_set )
Add fd to set .
FD_ZERO( set :fd_set )
Clear the set.18.3 Method details: | Top |
accept( socket : int )
Accept a connection from the socket.
bind( port : int )
Bind to the port.
close( socket : int )
connect( host : string, port : int )
Connect to host through port .
gethost( host : string )
Get host information (names and addresses).
getpeername( socket : int )
Get peer information.
listen( socket : int, backlog =10 )
Listen to the socket.
receive( socket : int, maxlen =1000 )
Receive raw data from the socket.
receive_dao( socket : int )
Receive data from the socket, and create and return proper Dao data.
It should be used in pair with send_dao() .
select( nfd : int, setr :fd_set, setw :fd_set, sete :fd_set, tv : float )
Quoted from glibc documentation:| The select function blocks the calling process until there is activity on any of the specified sets of file descriptors, or until the timeout period has expired. |
| The file descriptors specified by the read-fds argument are checked to see if they are ready for reading; the write-fds file descriptors are checked to see if they are ready for writing; and the except-fds file descriptors are checked for exceptional conditions. You can pass a null pointer for any of these arguments if you are not interested in checking for that kind of condition. |
| A file descriptor is considered ready for reading if it is not at end of file. A server socket is considered ready for reading if there is a pending connection which can be accepted with accept; see section Accepting Connections. A client socket is ready for writing when its connection is fully established; see section Making a Connection. |
send( socket : int, data : string )
Send raw data to the socket.
send_dao( socket : int, ... )
Send Dao data to the socket, with data type information attached to the network packets.19 message passing interface | Top |
19.1 Method list: | Top |
mpi.receive( timeout=-1.0 )
mpi.receive( pid : string, timeout=-1.0 )
mpi.send( object, ... )
mpi.spawn( pid : string, proc : string, timeout=-1.0, ... )
mpi.receive( pid : string, timeout=-1.0 )
mpi.send( object, ... )
mpi.spawn( pid : string, proc : string, timeout=-1.0, ... )
19.2 Method details: | Top |
receive( timeout=-1.0 )
Receive message with timeout. No possitive timeout means infinite waiting.
Return a list of received data.
receive( pid : string, timeout=-1.0 )
Receive message from process pid with timeout.
send( object, ... )
If object is a process, send the rest of parameters as message to it;
If object is a callable object, this object is scheduled to be called asynchronously
with the rest parameters.
spawn( pid : string, proc : string, ... )
Spawn a virtual machine(VM) or operation system(OS) process.
If a OS process or a VM process wthin another OS process is not spawned
successfully within the timeout, an exception will be raised.
Return a process handle if it created a local (within the same OS process)
VM process.
pid must be one of the form in the following table:
| pid | proc | the rest parameters | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| "" | routine name | parameters for the routine | VM process without name, accessable within the same OS process by its handle |
| "vm_proc" | as above | as above | named VM process, globally accessable by different OS processes on different computers |
| "@os_proc" | Dao script file name | timeout (default -1.0) | named OS process, globally accessable |
| "vm_proc@os_proc" | as "vm_proc" | as "vm_proc" | named VM process within a OS process named "os_proc", globally accessable |
| "@os_proc@@host" | Dao script file name | timeout (default -1.0) | named OS process on network "host", globally accessable |
| "vm_proc@os_proc@@host" | as "vm_proc" | as "vm_proc" | named VM process within a OS process named "os_proc@@host", globally accessable |
view count 686 times
created at 2009-02-20, 15:49 GMT
modified at 2009-09-18, 06:34 GMT
created at 2009-02-20, 15:49 GMT
modified at 2009-09-18, 06:34 GMT
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fu: Many thanks (Jul.04,04:29)
klabim: fixed Hi, great, now my test works now :- ). (Jun.30,17:51)
Nightwalker: Few suggestions (Jul.03,14:37)